Wednesday, 31 July 2024

महान कथाकार, उपन्यास सम्राट और उर्दू अफ़साना निग़ारी ( फिक्शनिस्ट ) के अज़ीमुशान् फनकार मुंशी प्रेमचंद जी की पैतृक आवास मे जहाँ उनके जीवन से जुड़ी सभी यादगार चीज़े संजो कर रखी गई है|

Tuesday, 30 July 2024

जनमानस के प्रिय रचनाकार मुंशी प्रेमचंद्र की 144वीं जयंती पर कोटि कोटि नमन

Monday, 29 July 2024

July 21 was world's hottest day in at least 84 years: European climate agency

Before July 2023, the Earth's daily average temperature record, set in August 2016, was 16.8 degrees Celsius. However, since July 3, 2023, there have been 57 days with temperatures exceeding that previous record.

PTI

New Delhi: The Earth experienced its hottest day in at least 84 years, with the global average temperature reaching a record high of 17.09 degrees Celsius on July 21, according to the European Union's Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S).

This follows a series of monthly heat records -- June marked the 12th consecutive month of global temperatures reaching or exceeding the 1.5 degrees Celsius threshold. Every month since June last year has been the warmest on record.

Preliminary data from C3S showed that July 21 was the hottest day since at least 1940, surpassing the previous record of 17.08 degrees Celsius set on July 6, 2023.

What stands out is the significant difference between the temperatures since July 2023 and all previous years.

Carlo Buontempo, director of C3S, said the difference between the temperatures over the past 13 months and previous records is staggering.

"We are now in truly uncharted territory and as the climate continues to warm, we are bound to see new records in the coming months and years," he said.

Analysis shows that 2023 and 2024 have seen significantly higher annual maximum daily global temperatures compared to previous years. The 10 years with the highest daily average temperatures are from 2015 to 2024.

The global average temperature usually peaks between late June and early August, driven by the northern hemisphere's summer. The land masses in the northern hemisphere warm up faster than the southern hemisphere's oceans can cool down.

With global average temperatures already at near-record levels, a new daily average temperature record was not completely unexpected.

C3S scientists attributed the sudden rise in daily global temperatures to much higher-than-average temperatures over large parts of Antarctica. Such large anomalies are not uncommon during the Antarctic winter and also contributed to record global temperatures in early July 2023.

The Antarctic Sea ice extent is almost as low as it was last year, leading to above-average temperatures over parts of the Southern Ocean.

As the global average temperature typically peaks between late June and early August, scientists expect it to rise and peak around July 22 or 23, 2024, before decreasing.

The European climate agency said whether 2024 will be the warmest year ever depends largely on the development and intensity of La Niña. While 2024 has been warm enough to surpass 2023, the exceptional warmth of the last four months of 2023 makes it too early to predict with certainty which year will be warmer.

Climate science non-profit Berkeley Earth estimated last week that 2024 has a 92 per cent chance of setting a new annual heat record.

There is a 99 per cent chance that 2024 will have an annual average temperature anomaly of more than 1.5 degrees Celsius above the 1850-1900 average, it said.

At the 2015 UN climate talks in Paris, world leaders committed to limiting the global average temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius above the pre-industrial period average to avoid the worst impacts of climate change. However, a permanent breach of the 1.5-degree Celsius limit specified in the Paris Agreement refers to long-term warming over a 20 or 30-year period.

The Earth's global surface temperature has already increased by around 1.2 degrees Celsius due to the rapidly-increasing concentration of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide and methane, in the atmosphere. This warming is considered to be the reason behind record droughts, wildfires and floods worldwide.

New plant species discovered in Arunachal Pradesh

Scientists create 116th element on periodic table; 'possibility' for heaviest element 120 to emerge too.

'Data from the experiment will greatly improve the accuracy of existing theoretical calculations, and will greatly advance mankind towards the discovery of elements 119 and 120,' said Hiromitsu Haba who led the research study.

Gourav Mahendra Mishra

Jacklyn Gates who is heading the Heavy Element Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California.Credit: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

In a bid to discover the heaviest element on earth— element 120 or Unbinilium, scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory produced two atoms of element 116 (livermorium), using a titanium particle beam. Element 120 to date is identified as an "hypothetical chemical element," which, once discovered, will be the heaviest on the planet.

Experts at the California-based lab submitted their findings in a paper titled Heaviest element yet within reach after major breakthrough which is published in the Nature journal. The scientists claimed to have used a titanium beam for the first time to make a known superheavy element— 116.

To be noted here, the heaviest element on earth to be made till date is element 118 (oganesson) which was first synthesized in 2002. It must also be noted here that only 118 elements have been discovered in the periodic table and this research is a way to accelerate research that would pave ways to elements 119 and 120.

Terming the findings "truly groundbreaking" Hiromitsu Haba, who leads the Superheavy Element Research Group at RIKEN Nishima Center for Accelerator-based Science in Saitama, Japan said, “The search for the superheavy elements beyond 118, oganesson, is proving to be a great challenge. Data from the experiment will greatly improve the accuracy of existing theoretical calculations, and will greatly advance mankind towards the discovery of elements 119 and 120”.

Lawrence Berkeley Lab announced about the above discovery at the Nuclear Structure 2024 conference. The experts shared that they used a heavy-ion 88-inch Cyclotron facility in the lab to accelerate the titanium beam and fire it at a target made of plutonium.

Jacklyn Gates, a nuclear scientist at the California lab who is also leading the effort said, "This reaction had never been demonstrated before, and it was essential to prove it was possible before embarking on our attempt to make 120. The creation of a new element is an extremely rare feat. It's exciting to be a part of the process and to have a promising path forward."

She explains in the paper: “The titanium beam is really hard to make. Titanium’s melting point is almost 1,700 ºC, more than twice calcium’s. To make a titanium beam, you have to heat it enough to get ions to evaporate off, and you’re putting this a couple inches from things that have to be cooled to liquid-helium temperatures.”

The most recent set of superheavy elements to be discovered, numbers 114 to 118, were all produced by bombarding targets made of actinides (elements from the seventh period) with beams of calcium-48, which has 20 protons and 28 neutrons.

As per Gates, once the experiments begin, the researchers will need 100–200 days of run time bombarding californium with titanium before they produce element 120. In practical terms, that will take two to three years.

Why textbooks are better than Internet sources

Sahana Prasad

Published 30 July 2024, 06:20 IST

Being in the field of education and being aware of the huge changes that have happened in the last decade or so has made me painfully aware that not many depend on textbooks. Online material, easily available has replaced the need for textbooks. Or so everyone thinks.

This is the prescribed textbook for the course,” I announced at the beginning of the semester, only to be met by stares. “Who buys textbooks?” said the look on their faces.

Being in the field of education and being aware of the huge changes that have happened in the last decade or so has made me painfully aware that not many depend on textbooks. Online material, easily available, has replaced the need for textbooks. Or so everyone thinks.

Why spend money on buying a book while you get all the information from GPTs, the young mind thinks? It’s even better than browsing. Just type in the keywords, and you will get all the information in a few seconds! Wait, it is not that simple; the internet and GPTs can never give what a textbook does, the reliability of the information.

Credibility and authority

“Who writes textbooks?” Well, generally, experts. It gets reviewed many times, with reviewers looking for errors and discrepancies. Some of them undergo multiple revisions before getting published. This makes them a credible source of information. Anyone can upload material and articles on the internet, which leads to the dissemination of misinformation.

Depth of information

“Is that all you can provide?” Ask the book editors. “Include more case studies and real life examples” say the peer reviewers. Thus, textbooks provide a comprehensive and in-depth exploration of subjects. They cover topics systematically, building on previous knowledge and providing extensive background information. This structured approach allows students to develop a deep understanding of the subject matter. However, no prerequisites are there for internet posts, making textbooks indispensable for those aiming for a thorough grasp of a subject,

Structured learning and curriculum alignment

Faculty who teach a particular subject generally write books. “Are you available to develop material for this subject?” is the question publishers pose to teachers. Thus, textbooks are usually aligned with educational curricula and standards, ensuring the material is relevant and appropriate for the student’s academic level. However, internet resources are “one size fits all” and rarely contain a structured approach.

Minimising distractions

Browsing the internet, yawning and opening another tab, generally of a social media page, is common. Students often find themselves veering off course, reducing the efficiency and effectiveness of their study sessions. However, while studying from a textbook, students can focus solely on the material without the temptation to check social media, watch videos, or browse unrelated websites, thus providing a distraction-free environment conducive to focused learning.

Consistency and permanence

“This is what I found last week, but when I checked again, the solution is changed!” lament many students. Someone would have pointed out an error on an internet page, and the contents would have changed. Those who learned from it are now confused about the correct version. However, textbooks offer consistency and permanence that internet sources cannot match. Once a textbook is published, its content remains unchanged, allowing students to refer to the same material throughout their studies. This stability is crucial for building a solid foundation of knowledge.

Thus, while the internet is an invaluable resource for quick searches and supplemental information, textbooks remain the cornerstone of effective learning. Their credibility, depth of information, structured approach, and ability to minimize distractions make them indispensable tools in education.

Saturday, 27 July 2024

UNESCO World Heritage List of India

India

https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/

UNESCO World Heritage Centre: Moidams – the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty

Moidams – the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty

Set in the foothills of the Patkai Ranges in eastern Assam, the property contains the royal necropolis of the Tai-Ahom. For 600 years, the Tai-Ahom created moidams (burial mounds) accentuating the natural topography of hills, forests and water, thus forming a sacred geography. Banyan trees and the trees used for coffins and bark manuscripts were planted and water bodies created. Ninety moidams – hollow vaults built of brick, stone or earth – of different sizes are found within the site. They contain the remains of kings and other royals together with grave goods such as food, horses and elephants, and sometimes queens and servants. The Tai-Ahom rituals of “Me-Dam-Me-Phi” and “Tarpan” are practiced at the Charaideo necropolis. While moidams are found in other areas within the Brahmaputra Valley, those found at the property are regarded as exceptional.

India

Date of Inscription: 2024

Criteria: (iii)(iv)

Property : 95.02 ha

Buffer zone: 793.7 ha

Dossier: 1711

N26 56 28.229 E94 52 34.86

https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1711

Thursday, 25 July 2024

Ministry of Education Implementation of DIKSHA Foundation Learning

Portal Posted On: 24 JUL 2024 5:00PM by PIB Delhi

DIKSHA, One Nation, One Digital Platform, is the platform for providing quality e-content for school education in States/UTs and is fully funded through the National Component of the Samagra Siksha scheme and managed by NCERT. DIKSHA platform has a federated architecture, and 35 states/UTs have their own tenant on DIKSHA. Each State/UT leverages the platform in its own way, as it has the freedom and choice to use the varied capabilities and solutions of the platform to design and run programs for teachers, learners and administrators as per the curricula needs. Most of the States/UTs have made their textbooks available on DIKSHA and have further linked them with additional learning resources (explanation videos, audios, interactive assessments, and text resources through QR codes) mapped to various topics. This is called Energized Digital Textbooks that provides additional resources for a topic to the students. It is through this unique architecture, DIKSHA portal provides the facility that helps educators to comply with the curricula at different stages. DIKSHA has a dedicated vertical for Foundation Literacy and Numeracy (FLN). More than 2,700 e-contents on FLN are available on DIKSHA under various categories including Assessment sheets, Gamified contents and assessments, Infographics, Videos, Worksheets and activity sheets, Readings etc. So far, cumulatively, these contents have been played/used more than 5 Lac times on DIKSHA by users across the country. NCERT is continuously working with all the States/UTs to regularly update their contents mapped to their respective curriculums. The information was given by the Minister of State for Education, Shri Jayant Chaudhary in a written reply in the Rajya Sabha today. ***** AK/SS (Release ID: 2036640)

Shiksha Saptah in Schools 22-28 July 2024

Celebration of “Shiksha Saptah” from 22nd to 28th July, 2024 on the eve of 4 th anniversary of National Education Policy (NEP) 2020

I. DAY 1 - MONDAY - July 22, 2024 TLM (Teaching-Learning Material) Day- Encouraging teachers to showcase LTM based on local context and use it in the classroom transaction.

II. DAY 2 - TUESDAY - July 23, 2024 FLN Day – Generating greater awareness among all stakeholders for successful implementation of NIPUN/FLN Mission.

III. DAY 3 - WEDNESDAY – July 24, 2024 Sports Day – Organising competitions in convergence with Department of Sports, Department of Youth Affairs, NSS, and community members.

IV. DAY 4 -THURSDAY – July 25, 2024 Cultural Day – Special cultural days to be organised for inculcating a sense of unity and diversity among students.

V. DAY 5 - FRIDAY – July 26. 2024 Skilling and Digital Initiatives Day – Recognising the changing nature of job profiles and the need for new skills and reflecting upon the Digital Initiatives for enhancing the overall classroom experiences. i. Skill Education for Building a Competent and Competitive Workforce ii. Technology in Education Divas

VI. DAY 6 - SATURDAY – July 27, 2024 Eco Clubs for Mission LiFE/School Nutrition Dayi. Establishment of new Eco clubs in schools. ii. Organising Plantation drive in schools under #Plant4Mother initiative to strengthen the bond between students and their mothers and Mother Earth.

VII. DAY 7- SUNDAY – July 28, 2024 Community Involvement Day (including Tithi Bhojan, Vidyanjali etc.)

i. Fostering collaboration with local communities, SMCs, PTA, PRIs for encouraging socio-emotional well-being of students and providing an ecosystem for skill development.

Chairman ISRO live on 03-August 2024 6 PM-7PM

Children With Special Needs

For Students:

The audiobooks for visually impaired and ISL Dictionary for hearing impaired have been put up on DIKSHA platform. In addition, the National Institute of Open Schooling is committed to make its website accessible to people with disabilities. In its effort to make the website accessible, NIOS has incorporated different features which will make it easier for users to browse the website.

Some of the accessibility features incorporated in the website includes adjusting the display settings, ease of navigation, content readability and so on. Following are the accessibility features incorporated in this website:

Alternate description for Images & Audio/Video
Display settings
Ease of navigation
Content readability & structure
Keyboard support

Visually Impaired Learners

Study material has been developed in Digitally Accessible Information System (DAISY), a technical standard for digital audiobooks, periodicals and computerized text.
Learners can access all study material of NIOS through DAISY
An Indian Sign Language (ISL) Dictionary has been developed to facilitate communication and education of the deaf and hard-of-hearing learners.
NIOS has also developed more than 270 Video in Sign Language in 7 subjects to provide educational access to learners at secondary level and Yoga course.
These videos are available at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXBn5q8Zv4Bz-LZXWWD7Jxw/playlists
Accessibility in School Curriculum-NCERT’s Initiatives can be found here https://ciet.nic.in/pages.php?id=accesstoedu&ln=en&ln=en

Hearing Impaired Learners

Course content (Selected ones) of NIOS has also been recorded in sign language which is placed on NIOS website as well as on YouTube.
NIOS has also developed more than 270 Video in Sign Language in 7 subjects to provide educational access to learners at secondary level and Yoga course.
These videos are available at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXBn5q8Zv4Bz-LZXWWD7Jxw/playlists
The recorded content is sent to HI learners on DVD

Innovative Material developed by NCERT

Various steps are being taken to bring children with special needs (CwSN) to schools such as the National Council of Educational Research & Training (NCERT) has developed exemplar material for providing low cost quality home education to students with severe disabilities through e-learning. NCERT text books have been converted into digital books which can be downloaded free by any one, any time. Most of the books are in UNICODE which a child with special needs can read using a Text-to-Speech (TTS)/Software/mobile app though e-Pathshaala mobile app. For visually challenged learners e-book in DAISY format and tactile maps have been developed.

Promoting Inclusive Education in the Foundational Years - Barkha: A Reading Series for ‘All’

The department has developed Barkha: A Reading Series for ‘All’ as an exemplary, inclusive learning material in the form of a supplementary early reading series. This reading series is available in print and digital formats. Its design is based on the principles of inclusion and the concept of Universal Design for Learning (UDL). Barkha: A Reading Series for ‘All’ is exemplary in demonstrating how the principles of UDL can guide the design of inclusive features like tactile and high resolution visuals, text in accessible scripts etc. This exemplar provides a direction and initial guidelines for developing similarly accessible material in the form of textbooks and other learning resources for all school stages.

In tandem with the Digital India Campaign, the department has also developed a digital version of Barkha: A Reading Series for ‘All’. This digital version retains all the inclusive features of the print version and is unique in its functionality because it allows for greater flexibility and has greater scope of appealing to all. Children can access all 40 story booklets through a single device. This also gives them space to revisit any book whenever and wherever they like. The privacy that is afforded by being able to read on one’s own computer or tablet allows one to read comfortably and at one’s own pace therefore promoting reading in a non-threatening environment with meaning and pleasure. An introduction to each story is available in audio-video format both in sign and regular language forms. It helps to introduce sign language as a regular form of communication at an early age to all children in an inclusive setting. The digital version of this reading series is available on NCERT website and the epathshala portal.

Sample Content:

https://nroer.gov.in/home/e-library

https://repository.seshagun.nic.in/video/support-to-children-with-special-needs-cwsn-through-special-resource-centre

https://pmevidya.education.gov.in/cwsn.html

National Scholarships Portal

National Scholarships Portal is one-stop solution through which various services starting from student application, application receipt, processing, sanction and disbursal of various scholarships to Students are enabled. National Scholarships Portal is taken as Mission Mode Project under National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)

Vision

National Scholarships Portal is one-stop solution through which various services starting from student application, application receipt, processing, sanction and disbursal of various scholarships to Students are enabled.
This initiative aims at providing a Simplified, Mission-oriented, Accountable, Responsive & Transparent 'SMART' System for faster & effective disposal of Scholarships applications and delivery of funds directly into beneficiaries account without any leakages.

Mission

The Mission Mode Project (MMP) of National Scholarships Portal under the National e-Governance Plan aims at providing common electronic portal for implementing various Scholarships schemes launched by Union Government, State Government and Union Territories across the country.

Objectives

Ensure timely disbursement of Scholarships to students
Provide a common portal for various Scholarships schemes of Central and State Governments
Create a transparent database of scholars
Avoid duplication in processing
Harmonisation of different Scholarships schemes & norms
Application of Direct Benefit Transfer

Benefits

Simplified process for the students:

1: All scholarships information available under one umbrella.

2: Single integrated application for all scholarships

Improved transparency :

1: System suggests the schemes for which a student is eligible.

2: Duplicates can be reduced to the maximum extent

Helps in standardisation :

1: Master data for Institutions and courses at all India level .

2: Scholarships processing

Serves as a decision support system (DSS) for Ministries and departments as up-to date information will be available on demand.

Comprehensive MIS System to facilitate monitoring every stage of Scholarships distribution i.e. from student registration to delivery of funds.

Visit @ https://scholarships.gov.in/home

National Means Cum-Merit Scholarship Scheme

THE NOBEL PRIZE

How it started

When the inventor, entrepreneur and businessman Alfred Nobel died, his will stated that his fortune was to be used to reward “those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.” Nobel’s prize would reward outstanding efforts in the fields that he was most involved in during his lifetime: physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace.

After his death, a long process began to realise his vision and the first Nobel Prizes were awarded in 1901. In 1969, a new prize was established – the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. Its addition was an exception, to celebrate the tercentenary of Sweden’s central bank.

In October every year the new Nobel Prizes and laureates are announced.

THE MAN BEHIND THE PRIZE – ALFRED NOBEL

For the greatest benefit to humankind

Alfred Nobel was an inventor, entrepreneur, scientist and businessman who also wrote poetry and drama. His varied interests are reflected in the prize he established and which he lay the foundation for in 1895 when he wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth to the establishment of the prize.

Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from around the world for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and for work in peace.

The last will and testament

Alfred Nobel signed his last will in Paris on November 27, 1895. He specified that the bulk of his fortune should be divided into five parts and to be used for prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace to “those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.”

Who we are and what we do

Alfred Nobel had a vision of a better world. He believed that people are capable of helping to improve society through knowledge, science and humanism. This is why he created a prize that would reward the discoveries that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been awarded in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace, while a memorial prize in economic sciences was added in 1968.

The economic foundations for the Nobel Prize were laid in 1895, when Alfred Nobel signed his last will and left much of his wealth to the establishment of a prize and the subsequent Nobel Foundation, which is tasked with a mission to manage his fortune and has ultimate responsibility for fulfilling the intentions of Nobel’s will. In accordance with the instructions Nobel left through his will, various independent prize-awarding institutions have selected Nobel Prize laureates in each prize category for more than a century.

Today, there are also several outreach organisations and activities that have been developed to inspire generations and disseminate knowledge about the Nobel Prize through events, exhibitions, educational efforts and digital outreach.

The Nobel Foundation has ultimate responsibility for fulfilling the intentions in Alfred Nobel’s will.

Prize-awarding institutions

Alfred Nobel specifically designated the institutions responsible for choosing laureates for each prize.

Outreach organisations

Interacting with, and inspiring, the next generation of scientists, discoverers and creative innovators is a key part of what we do.

All Nobel Prizes

Between 1901 and 2023, the Nobel Prizes and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel were awarded 621 times to 1000 people and organisations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 965 individuals and 27 organisations. Below, you can view the full list of Nobel Prizes and Nobel Prize laureates.

Find all prizes in | physics | chemistry | physiology or medicine | literature | peace | economic sciences | all categories

2024

The 2024 Nobel Prizes will be announced 7–14 October.

2023

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2023

Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz and Anne L’Huillier

“for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023

Moungi Bawendi, Louis Brus and Aleksey Yekimov

“for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023

Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman

“for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2023

Jon Fosse

“for his innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable”

The Nobel Peace Prize 2023

Narges Mohammadi

“for her fight against the oppression of women in Iran and her fight to promote human rights and freedom for all”

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2023

Claudia Goldin

“for having advanced our understanding of women’s labour market outcomes”

2022

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2022

Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger

“for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022

Carolyn Bertozzi, Morten Meldal and K. Barry Sharpless

“for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022

Svante Pääbo

“for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2022

Annie Ernaux

“for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory”

The Nobel Peace Prize 2022

Ales Bialiatski, Memorial and Center for Civil Liberties

“The Peace Prize laureates represent civil society in their home countries. They have for many years promoted the right to criticise power and protect the fundamental rights of citizens. They have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes, human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy”

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2022

Ben Bernanke, Douglas Diamond and Philip Dybvig

“for research on banks and financial crises”

2021

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2021

“for groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of complex physical systems”

Syukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann

“for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming”

Giorgio Parisi

“for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales”

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021

Benjamin List and David W.C. MacMillan

“for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis”

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021

David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian

“for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch”

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2021

Abdulrazak Gurnah

“for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents”

The Nobel Peace Prize 2021

Maria Ressa and Dmitry Muratov

“for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace”

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2021

David Card

“for his empirical contributions to labour economics”

Joshua D. Angrist and Guido W. Imbens

“for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships”

2020

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020

Roger Penrose

“for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity”

Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez

“for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy”

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes/